TY  - BOOK
AU  - Crandall ,Robert W
AU  - Waverman, Leonard
TI  - Who pays for universal service? when telephone subsidies become transparent
SN  - 9780815716129
U1  - 384.63 
PY  - 2000///
CY  - Washing DC
PB  - Brooking Institution Press
KW  - Telecommunication policy
KW  - United States
KW  - Telecommunication
KW  - Taxation
KW  - Telephone
N1  - In virtually every country, the price of residential access to the telephone network is kept low and cross-subsidized by business services, long distance calling, and various other telephone services. This pricing practice is widely defended as necessary to promote  universal service,  but Crandall and Waverman show that it has little effect on telephone subscriptions while it has major harmful effects on the value of all telephone service.Crandall and Waverman show that other regulated utilities are not burdened with similarly inefficient cross-subsidy schemes, yet universality of water, natural gas, and electricity service is achieved
ER  -