Technology, globalization, and sustainable development : transforming the industrial state / Nicholas A. Ashford, Ralph P. Hall.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

In this work, the authors offer a unified, transdisciplinary approach for achieving sustainable development in industrialized nations. They present an insightful analysis of the ways in which industrial states are unsustainable and how economic and social welfare are related to the environment, public health and safety.

Note continued: 7.6.2.Working Conditions and Industrial Relations -- 7.6.3.Technological Change and Employment -- 7.6.4.Values for Sustainable Employment -- 7.6.5.Low-Wage, Cost-Cutting versus Innovation-Driven, Quality Firm Strategy -- 7.6.6.Reconceptualizing the Need for Innovation in Approaches to Employment Enhancement -- 7.7.Policy Implications -- 7.8.Notes -- 7.9.Additional Readings -- 7.10.References -- 8.Government Policies to Foster Innovation, Economic Growth, and Employment -- 8.1.Introduction -- 8.2.Types of Technological Change and Sustaining and Disrupting Innovation -- 8.3.Prerequisites for Technological Change -- 8.4.The Role of Government in Promoting Innovation in Developed Countries -- 8.4.1.Review of Government Policy Instruments in the Context of Alternative Theories of Technological Innovation -- 8.4.2.Strategic Niche Management and Transition Management -- 8.4.3.The Three-Layered Approach to System Innovation -- 8.4.4.The Integration of Government Interventions -- 8.5.The Importance of Diffusion in Achieving Sustainable Development -- 8.6.Stakeholder Involvement in the Context of Sustainable Development -- 8.7.Innovation, Industrial, and Technology Policy in the Context of a Globalized Economy -- 8.8.Modernization, Globalization, and Employment in the North -- 8.9.Industrial and Employment Policy in the South -- 8.10.Notes -- 8.11.Additional Readings -- 8.12.References -- pt. IV National, Regional, and International Efforts to Advance Health, Safety, and the Environment -- 9.Government Intervention to Protect the Environment, Public/Worker Health and Safety, and Consumer Product Safety -- 9.1.Introduction -- 9.2.National Approaches: Regulation of Health, Safety, and the Environment in the United States -- 9.2.1.Introduction to the U.S. Regulatory System -- 9.2.2.Standard Setting and Obligations of the Employer and the Manufacturer or User of Toxic Substances in the United States -- 9.2.2.1.The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 -- 9.2.2.2.The Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 -- 9.2.3.The Control of Gradual Pollution in Air and Water and Pollution from Waste in the United States -- 9.2.3.1.The Clean Air Act -- 9.2.3.2.Water Legislation -- 9.2.3.2.1.The Clean Water Act -- 9.2.3.2.2.The Safe Drinking Water Act -- 9.2.3.3.The Regulation of Hazardous Waste -- 9.2.3.4.The Origins of the Precautionary Approach in U.S. Regulatory Law -- 9.2.4.The Chemical Safety Provisions of the U.S. Clean Air Act: Obligations Imposed by EPA and OSH A to Prevent the Sudden and Accidental Release of Chemicals -- 9.2.5.Pollution Prevention and Inherently Safer Production in the United States -- 9.2.6.The Right to Know and Information-Based Strategies to Encourage Alternative Technology in the United States -- 9.2.6.1.Trade-off Analysis -- 9.2.6.2.Trade-off Analysis in the Context of Sustainability -- 9.2.7.Product Safety -- 9.2.7.1.General Discussion -- 9.2.7.2.Prospects for Reform -- 9.2.8.Alternatives to Regulation -- 9.2.9.U.S. and European Law Compared -- 9.3.Static versus Dynamic Efficiency and the Implications for Promoting Technological Innovation Using Trade-off Analysis -- 9.4.National Government's Role in Achieving Efficiency: The Regulation-Induced-Innovation Hypothesis -- 9.5.Nation-Based Regulation in the Context of Industrial Globalization -- 9.6.Nation-Based Approaches in Developing Countries without a Strong Regulatory Tradition -- 9.7.Notes -- 9.8.Additional Readings -- 9.9.References -- 10.Regional and International Regimes to Protect Health, Safety, and the Environment -- 10.1.Introduction -- 10.1.1.The Increasing Importance of Health, Safety, and the Environment -- 10.1.2.Different Levels of Protection as Subsidies or Barriers to Trade -- 10.1.3.International Health, Safety, and Environmental Law Instruments and Mechanisms -- 10.2.The Nature of International Environmental Law -- 10.2.1.Treaties, Customs, and Principles as Elements of International Environmental Law -- 10.2.2."Hard" versus "Soft" Law -- 10.2.3.The International Multilateral Environmental Agreement Process -- 10.3.Factors Influencing Compliance with Multilateral Environmental Accords -- 10.3.1.Negotiation of Environmental Accords -- 10.4.The Polluter-Pays Principle, the Precautionary Principle, and Other Evolving Principles of International Environmental Law -- 10.4.1.The Polluter-Pays Principle and the Coasean View -- 10.4.2.The Precautionary Principle -- 10.4.2.1.The U.S. Approach to the Precautionary Principle -- 10.4.2.2.European and International Legal Formulation of the Precautionary Principle -- 10.4.3.Intergenerational Equity -- 10.4.4.The Public's Right to Access Information and to Participate in Environmental, Health, and Safety Matters -- 10.4.5.Extended Producer Responsibility -- 10.5.Harmonization of Health, Safety, and Environmental Standards -- 10.5.1.International and European Union Efforts to Harmonize Standards and Guidelines -- 10.5.2.Voluntary Industry Efforts to Harmonize Practices -- 10.5.3.The Implications of Having Different Standards and Practices: Increased Capital Movement to Pollution Havens versus the Porter Hypothesis -- 10.5.4.Reaching Consensus on Risk-Assessment Methodologies and Risk-Management Rationales -- 10.5.4.1.The OECD Role in Chemical Safety and Risk Assessment -- 10.6.International Trade of Hazardous Products -- 10.7.International Trade of Hazardous Equipment and Plant -- 10.8.Transfer of Technical Know-how -- 10.9.International Trade of Hazardous Waste -- 10.10.Transboundary Migration of Pollution -- 10.11.Polluting the International Commons -- 10.12.Liability for Environmental Damage -- 10.12.1.U.S. Environmental Liability -- 10.12.2.European Union Environmental Liability -- 10.13.Preserving Biodiversity and Endangered Species -- 10.14.Food Safety -- 10.15.Biotechnology -- 10.16.Pharmaceutical Safety -- 10.17.Environmental Law and Its Role in Stimulating Technological Change -- 10.17.1.Clean Production Mechanisms -- 10.18.Regional Approaches to Protection of Health, Safety, and the Environment: The European Union -- 10.18.1.Environmental Law in the European Union -- 10.18.1.1.Background to EU Environmental Law -- 10.18.1.2.Enforcement -- 10.18.2.Regulation of Air, Water, and Waste -- 10.18.2.1.Air -- 10.18.2.2.Water -- 10.18.2.3.Waste -- 10.18.3.Prevention of Chemical Accidents -- 10.18.4.The Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive -- 10.18.5.The EU Integrated Product Policy, the Environmental Technologies Action Plan, and Life-Cycle Assessment -- 10.18.5.1.The EU Integrated Product Policy and the Environmental Technologies Action Plan -- 10.18.5.2.Life-Cycle Assessment -- 10.18.6.Access to Information and Participatory Rights -- 10.18.7.The Eco-Management and Audit Scheme and ISO 14001 -- 10.18.8.Chemicals Policy and REACH -- 10.18.8.1.The REACH Initiative -- 10.18.8.2.The U.S. Toxic Substances Control Act and Lessons for REACH -- 10.18.9.Food Safety in the EU -- 10.18.10.Biotechnology in the EU -- 10.18.11.Financial Assistance and LIFE -- 10.18.12.The European Chemical Substances Information System -- 10.18.13.Commentary on EU Environmental Law -- 10.19.Worker Health and Safety -- 10.20.The Importance of International Institutions -- 10.20.1.The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development -- 10.20.2.The International Labour Organization -- 10.20.3.The United Nations -- 10.20.3.1.The United Nations Environment Programme -- 10.20.3.2.The United Nations Industrial Development Organization -- 10.20.3.3.The United Nations Development Programme -- 10.20.4.The World Health Organization -- 10.20.5.The World Trade Organization and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade -- 10.20.6.The North American Free Trade Agreement -- 10.20.7.The Food and Agriculture Organization -- 10.20.8.Nongovernmental Organizations -- 10.20.9.The European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions -- 10.21.Global Governance -- 10.22.Conclusions -- 10.23.Notes -- 10.24.Additional Readings -- 10.25.References -- Appendix 10-A Multilateral Environmental Agreements in Reverse Chronological Order -- Appendix 10-B Multilateral Environmental Agreements by Area of the Environment -- pt. V International Trade and Finance -- 11.Trade Regimes and Sustainability -- 11.1.Trade Agreements in General -- 11.1.1.Introduction -- 11.1.2.Trade as a Driver of Growth -- 11.1.3.Overview of the Agreements Administered by the World Trade Organization -- 11.1.4.Dispute Resolution under the WTO -- 11.1.5.The Prohibition against Subsidies -- 11.2.Trade and the Environment (Trade Regimes as Constraints on National Health, Safety, and Environmental Policies) -- 11.2.1.The Shrimp-Turtle Dispute and Article XX(g) of the GATT (Conservation of Natural Resources) -- 11.2.2.Asbestos and Section XX(b) of the GATT (Protection of Human and Animal Life and Health) -- 11.2.3.Trade and Standards under the WTO Agreements -- 11.2.4.The Decision of the Appellate Body in the Asbestos Case and Future Uncertainty of the Availability of Articles XX(b) and (g) Exceptions -- 11.2.5.Food Safety: Hormones in Beef and the SPS Agreement -- 11.2.6.Biotechnology: Genetically Modified Organisms -- 11.2.7.The General Agreement on Trade in Services -- 11.2.8.The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights -- 11.3.Trade and the Environment (Trade Regimes as Tools to Promote Advances in National and International Environmental Policies) -- 11.3.1.Trade as a Positive Force to Improve Environmental Conditions -- 11.3.2.NAFTA and Other U.S. Bilateral Trade Regimes -- 11.4.Trade, Employment, and Labor Standards -- 11.5.Notes -- 11.6.References -- Appendix 11-A Selected WTO Agreements -- 12.Financing Development -- 12.1.Introduction -- pt. A Financing of Economic Development -- 12.2.Official Development Assistance and Private Capital -- 12.3.Analyzing Official Development Assistance -- 12.3.1.A Historical Overview of Development Aid -- 12.3.1.1.The World Bank Group --

Note continued: 12.3.1.2.The International Monetary Fund -- 12.3.2.Analysis of the Crisis in Official Development Assistance -- 12.3.2.1.The Volatility of Development Aid -- 12.3.2.2.Some Promising Signs -- 12.3.3.A Critical Assessment of Development Aid -- 12.3.3.1.The Problem with Government Involvement -- 12.3.3.2.The Problem with Aid Fungibility -- 12.3.3.3.The Problem with Conditionality -- 12.3.3.4.Problems with Effective Coordination -- 12.3.3.5.The Problems with Capacity Building -- 12.3.4.Bilateral Financial Transfers: Ranking Developed Countries on Their Foreign Policies -- 12.3.5.Export Credit Agencies -- 12.3.5.1.The Functioning of ECAs -- 12.3.5.2.Background on the Evolution of the OECD Common Approaches -- 12.3.6.Private Multinational Banks and the Equator Principles -- 12.3.7.Sovereign Wealth Funds -- 12.4.Private Capital Flows -- 12.4.1.The Rise in Private Capital Flows -- 12.4.2.Drawbacks of Financial Globalization -- 12.4.2.1.Foreign Direct Investment -- 12.4.2.2.Bank Lending -- 12.4.2.3.Portfolio Flows -- 12.4.2.4.Will the Inflows Last? -- 12.4.2.5.The Cost of Volatility -- 12.4.2.6.A Bias of Flows against the Poor -- 12.4.2.7.Potential Hazards for Sustainable Development -- 12.4.3.Maximizing the Benefits of Financial Integration -- 12.4.3.1.Strategies for the Developing World -- 12.4.3.2.What Can the Industrialized World Do? -- pt. B Financing for Environmental Protection -- 12.5.The Importance of Enviromental Financing -- 12.6.The Emergence of Financing Structures for the Environment -- 12.6.1.A Historical Overview of Environmental Aid: The Road to Rio -- 12.6.2.Criticism of Financing Structures for Environmental Aid: The Flaws of Rio -- 12.6.2.1.Conflicting Interests between North and South -- 12.6.2.2.The Dispute over Additionality -- 12.6.2.3.Neglecting the Tension between the Economy and the Environment -- 12.6.2.4.Agenda 21: Lacking a Mandate -- 12.7.Issues of Implementation in Financing Sustainable Development -- 12.7.1.Dilemmas and Solutions in Environmental Financing -- 12.7.2.Freeing Up Financial Resources for Sustainable Development Activities -- 12.7.2.1.Donor Funding -- 12.7.2.2.Governments and Other In-Country Sources of Finance -- 12.7.2.3.International Transfer Mechanisms -- 12.7.2.3.1.The Clean Development Mechanism -- 12.7.2.3.2.Debt Swaps -- 12.7.2.4.National Environmental Funds -- 12.7.2.5.Trust Funds -- 12.7.3.Making Better Use of Market Mechanisms to Promote Sustainable Development -- 12.7.3.1.Introducing New Financial Mechanisms That Internalize Environmental or Social Externalities -- 12.7.3.2.Adapting Existing Market Mechanisms to Promote Sustainable Development -- 12.7.3.3.Removing Existing Financial Mechanisms That Hamper Sustainable Development -- pt. C Financing Innovations (New Proposals) and Commentary -- 12.8.The SDR Proposal -- 12.9.An International Investment Agreement -- 12.10.The Global Environment Facility -- 12.10.1.The Establishment of the GEF -- 12.10.2.The GEF after Rio -- 12.10.3.Recent Developments and Future Prospects -- 12.11.Binary Economics -- 12.11.1.The Theoretical Fundamentals of Binary Economics -- 12.11.1.1.Implications of Underutilized Productive Capacity -- 12.11.2.Implementing Binary Economics -- 12.11.3.Some Implications of Binary Economics -- 12.11.3.1.A New Explanation of the Persistence of Pervasive Unutilized Productive Capacity and Suboptimal Growth -- 12.11.3.2.A Means of Providing Greater Earning Capacity to the Economically Disadvantaged (Poor and Working People) without Redistribution -- 12.11.3.3.A Change in the Dynamics of Globalization and Free Trade and the Arguments That Support the Various Positions on These Subjects -- 12.11.3.4.A Novel but Perhaps Indeterminate Impact on Environmental Issues and Sustainable Development -- 12.11.4.Commentary on the Prospects for Binary Economics -- 12.12.Microfinance -- 12.12.1.Microcredit -- 12.12.2.Micrograms -- 12.12.3.Savings and Insurance -- 12.13.Conclusion -- 12.14.Notes -- 12.15.References -- Appendix 12-A Acronyms -- Appendix 12-B Defining Aid -- Appendix 12-C The Millennium Development Goals and Targets -- pt. VI Strategic Policy Design for Sustainable Transformations -- 13.Pathways to Sustainability: Co-optimizing Economic Development, the Environment, and Employment -- 13.1.Introduction -- 13.2.Technological, Organizational, Institutional, and Social Innovation -- 13.2.1.Technological Innovation -- 13.2.2.Organizational Innovation -- 13.2.3.Institutional Innovation -- 13.2.4.Social Innovation -- 13.2.5.Commentary on Innovation -- 13.3.Governance Options to Achieve Sustainability -- 13.4.Alternative Postures of Government and Their Implications for Sustainable Transformations -- 13.5.Requirements of Transformations for Greater Sustainability -- 13.6.Technology-Based Strategies to Improve Productiveness; Health, Safety, and the Environment; and Employment -- 13.7.Policies and Approaches to Promote Sustainable Development -- 13.7.1.National Governance -- 13.7.1.1.Promoting More Sustainable Industrial Production and Consumption -- 13.7.1.2.Improving Health, Safety, and the Environment -- 13.7.1.3.Enhancing Meaningful, Rewarding, and Safer Employment and Adequate Earning Capacity -- 13.7.1.4.The Importance of Integration in the National Context -- 13.7.2.International Governance -- 13.7.2.1.Promoting More Sustainable Industrial Trade -- 13.7.2.2.Creating Incentives to Improve Health, Safety, and the Environment -- 13.7.2.3.Creating Incentives for Labor and Human Rights -- 13.8.The New Economics and Concluding Commentary -- 13.8.1.The New Economics -- 13.8.2.Monopoly Commerce, Specialization, and Vulnerability -- 13.8.3.Concluding Commentary -- 13.9.Notes -- 13.10.References.